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What Is the Dow Jones Industrial Index?
The Down Jones Industrial Index is a list, or index, of companies considered to be good indicators of the stock market's overall strength. Simply put, these companies are a barometer of the market: when they do well, the economy is doing well, and vice versa. So the Dow takes the average value of these companies every day to see if it has increased or decreased.4 The DJIA is named after Charles Dow, who created it in 1896, along with his business partner, Edward Jones.5
Because the index is dealing with companies that are worth billions of dollars, a simple method of displaying their changes in value had to be formulated. The clever and resourceful Charles Dow broke everything into points rather than dollars. The points still represent dollars, but the ratio is not 1:1. This way, instead of saying, "Today, the Dow stocks collectively gained $693.573961, give or take a few thousandths," people can say, "The Dow was up 100 points."2 Obviously, this is a vast improvement.
Changes to the Index Over Time
The index grew to 30 components in 1928 and has changed components a total of 51 times.6 7 The first change came just three months after the index was launched.8 In its first few years until roughly the Great Depression, there were many changes to its components. In 1932, eight stocks within the Dow were replaced. However, during this change, the Coca-Cola Company and Procter & Gamble Co. were added to the index, two stocks that are still part of the Dow in 2019.9 10
The most recent large scale change to the Dow took place in 1997 when four of the index's components were replaced. Two years later, in 1999, four more components of the Dow were changed. The most recent change took place on June 26, 2018, when Walgreens Boots Alliance, Inc. replaced General Electric Company.11 10
How Does the Dow Divisor Work?
To better understand how the Dow changes the value, let’s start at its beginnings. When Dow Jones & Co. first introduced the index in the 1890s, it was a “simple average” of the prices of all constituents. For example, let's say there were 12 stocks in the Dow index; in that instance, the Dow's value would have been calculated by simply taking the sum of closing prices of all 12 stocks and dividing it by 12 (the number of companies or “constituents of the Dow index”). Hence, the Dow started as a simple price average index.12
To calculate the DJIA, the current prices of the 30 stocks that make up the index are added and then divided by the Dow divisor, which is constantly modified.13 To demonstrate how this use of the divisor works, we will create an index, the Investopedia Mock Average (IMA). The IMA is composed of 10 stocks, which total $1,000 when their stock prices are added together. The IMA quoted in the media is therefore 100 ($1,000 ÷ 10). Note that the divisor in our example is 10.
Now, let's say that one of the stocks in the IMA average trades at $100 but undergoes a 2-for-1 split, reducing its stock price to $50. If our divisor remains unchanged, the calculation for the average would give us 95 ($950 ÷ 10). This would not be accurate because the stock split merely changed the price, not the value of the company. To compensate for the effects of the split, we have to adjust the divisor downward to 9.5. This way, the index remains at 100 ($950 ÷ 9.5) and more accurately reflects the value of the stock in the average. If you are interested in finding the current Dow divisor, you can find it on the website of the Dow Jones Indexes and the Chicago Board of Trade.
The value of the Dow Divisor has changed significantly over the years. For example, it was at 16.67 back in 1928 but was at 0.132129493 as of March 2011.14 The values of the Dow Divisor as well as divisors for the other Dow Jones indexes are published daily in The Wall Street Journal.
For example, if the sum of the prices of the 30 constituents of the DJIA is 1,650, dividing this figure by the Dow Divisor of 0.132129493 would provide a level of 12,487.75 for the index. As of September 1, 2017, the Dow Divisor was 0.14523396877348 on September 1, 2017. Using this Divisor, every $1 change in price in a particular stock within the average equates to a 6.885 (or 1 ÷ 0.14523396877348) point movement.
Assessing the Dow Jones Methodology
No mathematical model is perfect—each comes with its merits and demerits. Price weighting with regular divisor adjustments does enable the Dow to reflect the market sentiments at a broader level, but it does come with a few criticisms.15 Sudden price increments or reductions in individual stocks can lead to big jumps or drops in DJIA.
For a real-life example, an AIG stock price dip from around $22 to $1.5 within a month’s time led to a fall of almost 3,000 points in the Dow in 2008. Certain corporate actions, like dividend going ex (i.e., becoming an ex-dividend, wherein the dividend goes to the seller rather than to the buyer), leads to a sudden drop in DJIA on the ex-date. High correlation among multiple constituents also led to higher price swings in the index. As illustrated above, this index calculation may get complicated on adjustments and divisor calculations.
Despite being one of the most widely recognized and most followed index, critics of price-weighted DJIA index advocate using float-adjusted market-value-weighted S&P 500 or the Wilshire 5000 index, although they too come with their own mathematical dependencies.3 16 17 18
After nearly 140 years as a marker of major market developments, the DJIA is still one of the most recognized and cited of all market indexes. While it may not represent the new market opportunities and early-stage fast-growing companies, and may not be indicative of the overall economic strength of the U.S. economy given many of the companies in the Index procure a high percentage of revenue outside the U.S., it does provide some valuable purposes. So, despite all its shortcomings, the Dow is still one of the most-watched indicators for stock market performance and the shape of the U.S. economy
The Down Jones Industrial Index is a list, or index, of companies considered to be good indicators of the stock market's overall strength. Simply put, these companies are a barometer of the market: when they do well, the economy is doing well, and vice versa. So the Dow takes the average value of these companies every day to see if it has increased or decreased.4 The DJIA is named after Charles Dow, who created it in 1896, along with his business partner, Edward Jones.5
Because the index is dealing with companies that are worth billions of dollars, a simple method of displaying their changes in value had to be formulated. The clever and resourceful Charles Dow broke everything into points rather than dollars. The points still represent dollars, but the ratio is not 1:1. This way, instead of saying, "Today, the Dow stocks collectively gained $693.573961, give or take a few thousandths," people can say, "The Dow was up 100 points."2 Obviously, this is a vast improvement.
Changes to the Index Over Time
The index grew to 30 components in 1928 and has changed components a total of 51 times.6 7 The first change came just three months after the index was launched.8 In its first few years until roughly the Great Depression, there were many changes to its components. In 1932, eight stocks within the Dow were replaced. However, during this change, the Coca-Cola Company and Procter & Gamble Co. were added to the index, two stocks that are still part of the Dow in 2019.9 10
The most recent large scale change to the Dow took place in 1997 when four of the index's components were replaced. Two years later, in 1999, four more components of the Dow were changed. The most recent change took place on June 26, 2018, when Walgreens Boots Alliance, Inc. replaced General Electric Company.11 10
How Does the Dow Divisor Work?
To better understand how the Dow changes the value, let’s start at its beginnings. When Dow Jones & Co. first introduced the index in the 1890s, it was a “simple average” of the prices of all constituents. For example, let's say there were 12 stocks in the Dow index; in that instance, the Dow's value would have been calculated by simply taking the sum of closing prices of all 12 stocks and dividing it by 12 (the number of companies or “constituents of the Dow index”). Hence, the Dow started as a simple price average index.12
To calculate the DJIA, the current prices of the 30 stocks that make up the index are added and then divided by the Dow divisor, which is constantly modified.13 To demonstrate how this use of the divisor works, we will create an index, the Investopedia Mock Average (IMA). The IMA is composed of 10 stocks, which total $1,000 when their stock prices are added together. The IMA quoted in the media is therefore 100 ($1,000 ÷ 10). Note that the divisor in our example is 10.
Now, let's say that one of the stocks in the IMA average trades at $100 but undergoes a 2-for-1 split, reducing its stock price to $50. If our divisor remains unchanged, the calculation for the average would give us 95 ($950 ÷ 10). This would not be accurate because the stock split merely changed the price, not the value of the company. To compensate for the effects of the split, we have to adjust the divisor downward to 9.5. This way, the index remains at 100 ($950 ÷ 9.5) and more accurately reflects the value of the stock in the average. If you are interested in finding the current Dow divisor, you can find it on the website of the Dow Jones Indexes and the Chicago Board of Trade.
The value of the Dow Divisor has changed significantly over the years. For example, it was at 16.67 back in 1928 but was at 0.132129493 as of March 2011.14 The values of the Dow Divisor as well as divisors for the other Dow Jones indexes are published daily in The Wall Street Journal.
For example, if the sum of the prices of the 30 constituents of the DJIA is 1,650, dividing this figure by the Dow Divisor of 0.132129493 would provide a level of 12,487.75 for the index. As of September 1, 2017, the Dow Divisor was 0.14523396877348 on September 1, 2017. Using this Divisor, every $1 change in price in a particular stock within the average equates to a 6.885 (or 1 ÷ 0.14523396877348) point movement.
Assessing the Dow Jones Methodology
No mathematical model is perfect—each comes with its merits and demerits. Price weighting with regular divisor adjustments does enable the Dow to reflect the market sentiments at a broader level, but it does come with a few criticisms.15 Sudden price increments or reductions in individual stocks can lead to big jumps or drops in DJIA.
For a real-life example, an AIG stock price dip from around $22 to $1.5 within a month’s time led to a fall of almost 3,000 points in the Dow in 2008. Certain corporate actions, like dividend going ex (i.e., becoming an ex-dividend, wherein the dividend goes to the seller rather than to the buyer), leads to a sudden drop in DJIA on the ex-date. High correlation among multiple constituents also led to higher price swings in the index. As illustrated above, this index calculation may get complicated on adjustments and divisor calculations.
Despite being one of the most widely recognized and most followed index, critics of price-weighted DJIA index advocate using float-adjusted market-value-weighted S&P 500 or the Wilshire 5000 index, although they too come with their own mathematical dependencies.3 16 17 18
After nearly 140 years as a marker of major market developments, the DJIA is still one of the most recognized and cited of all market indexes. While it may not represent the new market opportunities and early-stage fast-growing companies, and may not be indicative of the overall economic strength of the U.S. economy given many of the companies in the Index procure a high percentage of revenue outside the U.S., it does provide some valuable purposes. So, despite all its shortcomings, the Dow is still one of the most-watched indicators for stock market performance and the shape of the U.S. economy